Diagnostic Criteria:
- DSM-5™ Diagnostic Criteria Oppositional Defiant Disorder 313.81 (F91.3)
Angry/Irritable Mood
1. Often loses temper.
2. Is often touchy or easily annoyed.
3. Is often angry and resentful.
Argumentative/Defiant Behavior
4. Often argues with authority figures or, for children and adolescents, with adults.
5. Often actively defies or refuses to comply with requests from authority figures or with rules.
6. Often deliberately annoys others.
7. Often blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior.
Vindictiveness
8. Has been spiteful or vindictive at least twice within the past 6 months.
Note: The persistence and frequency of these behaviors should be used to distinguish a behavior that is within normal limits from a behavior that is symptomatic. For children younger than 5 years, the behavior should occur on most days for a period of at least 6 months unless otherwise noted (Criterion A8). For individuals 5 years or older, the behavior should occur at least once per week for at least 6 months, unless otherwise noted (Criterion A8). While these frequency criteria provide guidance on a minimal level of frequency to define symptoms, other factors should also be considered, such as whether the frequency and intensity of the behaviors are outside a range that is normative for the individual’s developmental level, gender, and culture.
B. The disturbance in behavior is associated with distress in the individual or others in his or her immediate social context (e.g., family, peer group, work colleagues), or it impacts negatively on social, educational, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
C. The behaviors do not occur exclusively during the course of a psychotic, substance use, depressive, or bipolar disorder. Also, the criteria are not met for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
Summary of Risk Factors
The following are some of the biological, psychological and social risk factors for the development of oppositional defiant disorder;
- A parent with a history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder
- A parent with a mood disorder such as depression or bipolar disorder
- A parent or caregiver with substance abuse issues
- A mother who smoked during pregnancy
- Parenting issues: parents who are abusive, neglectful or inconsistent
- Difficulty / inability forming social relationships or processing social cues
- Poverty
- Community violence / stress / chaos
- Lack of supervision
- Inconsistent discipline
- Frequent moves / instability
- Poor nutrition
Protective Factors:
- Good parenting practices
- Attachment with school
- Strict supervision
- A close and trusted relationship with a trustworthy adult are protective factors against deviant behavior
Treatment options for ODD
- Parental management training and family therapy
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Family therapy treatment approaches that might be helpful:
- Functional family therapy
- Brief strategic family therapy
- Cognitive behavior therapy: perspective taking, problem-solving skills training, assertive training, anger management training
These are all great, BUT...what can we do in school???
Training and coaching with the use of the following evidence-based interventions:
- Behavior Specific Praise
- Precorrection
- Active Supervision
- Behavior Contracts ✦
- CICO ✦
- Instructional Choice
- Opportunities to Respond
- Self-Monitoring ✦
- The Good Behavior Game ✦
- Collaborative Problem Solving
Mentoring...the power of positive connections
While mentoring programs vary in structure and emphasis, overall, mentoring is an effective tool for positively effecting the development of youth (Jekielek et al., 2002). Two key organizations in the mentoring field are:
- Mentor/The National Mentoring Partnership
- Big Brothers Big Sisters of America
- My Brothers Keeper
What’s in Your Tool Box??
School-Wide Strategies for Managing Defiance/Non-Compliance https://www.interventioncentral.org/behavioral-interventions/challenging-students/school-wide-strategies-managing-defiance-non-complianc
Top 10 Discipline Tips for Kids with Oppositional Defiant Disorder
http://www.educationandbehavior.com/strategies-for-oppositional-defiant/